--美国的贫富分化现象进一步加剧

美国的贫富分化现象进一步加剧Income-Inequality Gap Widens 美国最富有人士的收入在国民收入中所占比例升至第二次世界大战结束以来的最高水平，比上世纪90年代股市大牛市时还要高，这凸显出加剧美国普通就业者焦虑情绪的贫富分化在进一步加重。美国国税局(Internal Revenue Service)的最新数据显示，最富有的1%美国人占有了美国2005年全部国民收入的21.2%，这一比例大大高于2004年的19%，并超过了2000年20.8%的历史最高纪录，当时美国股市正处于上一轮牛市的顶点。而富裕程度居后50%的那部分美国人只拥有全部国民收入的12.8%，低于2004年时的13.4%，也略低于2000年时13%的水平。美国国税局的上述数据是在对退税数据进行抽样调查后得出的，是统计“调整后毛收入”的副产品。这一收入是指总收入减去赡养费和个人退休帐户缴款等无需纳税部分后的收入。这一数据虽然偏旧，但它却比其他机构提供的时效性更好的数据更受许多学者的偏爱，因为它提供了反映美国富豪收入情况的细节性材料，比如明确列出了美国最富有的0.1%和1%人口的财富占有情况，而不是仅笼统介绍富裕程度在前10%那部分人的情况。此外，这一数据还包括资本利得指标，这一收入虽然波动性很大，但却是美国富人的一项重要财富来源。虽然美国国税局从1986起才开始公布这一数据，但学术研究表明，美国富豪的收入在国民收入中所占比例自上世纪20年代以来还从未如此高过。学者们将美国日益严重的收入不平衡归咎于以下因素：技术进步对技能高者更有利，全球化和交通条件的改善使各行各业的“超级巨星”们得以获得更高报酬。美国总统布什周四接受《华尔街日报》采访时说，首先，美国的收入不平衡现象由来已久；其次，人们工作技能上的差距导致了收入差距；而解决收入不平衡问题的办法是确保人们能够获得良好的教育，这一点要从娃娃抓起。布什说，这也是为什么“不让一个孩子落伍”(No Child Left Behind)的计划成为确保美国21世纪竞争力的重要一环。布鲁金斯学会(Brookings Institution)学者詹森•弗尔曼(Jason Furman)说，美国收入不平衡的趋势已持续了30年。这位给民主党政治家担任顾问的学者说，2000年股市泡沫破裂后这一趋势曾出现人为的缓解。美国国税局的数据虽然没有说明富人增加的收入来自哪里，但美国股市的繁荣大概功不可没，就像90年代末的上一轮牛市大大增加了美国富人的财富一样。到今年夏季为止，不断飙升的股价和强劲的信贷市场已使私人资本运营公司和对冲基金的经理及投资银行家们赚了个钵满盆盈。芝加哥大学(University of Chicago)学者史蒂文•卡普兰(Steven Kaplan)和约书亚•饶(Joshua Rauh)经研究发现，2004年全美收入最高的那0.5%人口中，华尔街专业人士的数量是非金融类企业管理人士的两倍以上。约书亚•饶说，人们难免要得出结论说，美国富豪在国民收入中所占比例不断增加在某种程度上主要是华尔街的故事。这项研究发现，收入最高的对冲基金经理2005年的收入是其2003年时的两倍，美国对冲基金经理中收入最高的25位在2004年赚的钱比标普500成份股公司首席执行长们的全部收入还要高。这项研究显示，美国最大100家律师事务所的合伙人在1994至2004年期间平均收入增加了一倍，2004年超过100万美元。这一数据凸显出布什总统和美国共和党下一届总统候选人所面临的挑战。他们一直在大力宣传2003年以来美国的经济高增长和低失业率，以及布什的减税政策对此的贡献。但许多美国人认为，国家经济已经或即将陷入衰退。美国国税局的数据显示，美国纳税人的收入中值在2000年至2005年期间下降了2%，为30,881美元。而在此期间最富有的1%美国人的收入则增长了3%，达到364,657美元。另一方面，民主党人已在努力利用美国人因中产阶级收入停滞不前以及社会福利缩水等问题产生的焦虑，来作为他们在医疗保险和贸易等问题上与布什交锋的武器。 Greg Ip The richest Americans' share of national income has hit a postwar record, surpassing the highs reached in the 1990s bull market, and underlining the divergence of economic fortunes blamed for fueling anxiety among American workers. The wealthiest 1% of Americans earned 21.2% of all income in 2005, according to new data from the Internal Revenue Service. That is up sharply from 19% in 2004, and surpasses the previous high of 20.8% set in 2000, at the peak of the previous bull market in stocks. The bottom 50% earned 12.8% of all income, down from 13.4% in 2004 and a bit less than their 13% share in 2000. The IRS data, based on a large sample of tax returns, are for 'adjusted gross income,' which is income after some deductions, such as for alimony and contributions to individual retirement accounts. While dated, many Sell Silicone Bracelet( Interlocking Style) scholars prefer it to timelier data from other agencies because it provides details of the very richest -- for example, the top 0.1% and the top 1%, not just the top 10% -- and includes capital gains, an important, though volatile, source of income for the affluent. The IRS data go back only to 1986, but academic research suggests the rich last had this high a share of total income in the 1920s. Scholars attribute rising inequality to several factors, including technological change that favors those with more skills, and globalization Sell Sun Shade and advances in communications that enlarge the rewards available to 'superstar' performers whether in business, sports or entertainment. In an interview yesterday with The Wall Street Journal, President Bush said, 'First of all, our society has had income inequality for a long time. Secondly, skills gaps yield income gaps. And what needs to be done about Sell Tire Shaped Clock the inequality of income is to make sure people have got good education, starting with young kids. That's why No Child Left Behind is such an important component of making sure that America is competitive in the 21st century.' Jason Furman, a scholar at the Brookings Institution and an adviser to Democratic politicians, said: 'We've had a 30-year trend of increasing inequality. Semi-Auto Aluminum Frame Transfer Machine Semi-Micro cuvettes There was an artificial reduction in that trend following the bursting of the stock-market bubble in 2000.' The IRS data don't identify the source of increased income for the affluent, but the boom on Wall Street has likely played a part, just as the last stock boom fueled the late-1990s surge. Until this summer, soaring stock prices and buoyant Semi-precious Round Beads credit markets had produced spectacular payouts for private-equity and hedge-fund managers, and investment bankers. One study by University of Chicago academics Steven Kaplan and Joshua Rauh concludes that in 2004 there were more than twice as many such Wall Street professionals in the top 0.5% of all earners as there are executives from nonfinancial companies. Mr. Rauh said 'it's hard to escape the notion' that the rising share of income going to the very richest is, in part, 'a Wall Street, financial Sell Picnic Backpack industry-based story.' The study shows that the highest-earning hedge-fund manager earned double in 2005 what the top earner made in 2003, and top 25 hedge-fund managers earned more in 2004 than the chief executives of all the companies in the Standard & Poor's 500-stock index, combined. It also Sell promotional gift Binocular shows profits per equity partner at the top 100 law firms doubling between 1994 and 2004, to over $1 million in 2004 dollars. The data highlight the political challenge facing Mr. Bush and the Republican contenders for president. They have sought to play up the strength of the economy since 2003 and low unemployment, and the role of Mr. Sell Promotional Gift Name Card Clip Bush's tax cuts in both. But many Americans think the economy is in or near a recession. The IRS data show that the median tax filer's income -- half earn less than the median, half earn more -- fell 2% between 2000 and 2005 when adjusted for inflation, to $30,881. At the same time, the income Sell Sandal( with Die-cut Logo) level for the tax filer just inside the top 1% grew 3%, to $364,657. Democrats, on the other hand, have sought to exploit angst about stagnant middle-class wages and eroding benefits in showdowns with Mr. Bush over issues such as health insurance and trade.

阅读全文(2384) | 回复(0) | 编辑 | 精华

发表评论：

昵称：
密码：
主页：
标题：

验证码： (不区分大小写,请仔细填写,输错需重写评论内容！)

站点首页 | 联系我们 | 博客注册 | 博客登陆

Sponsored By W3CHINA
W3CHINA Blog 0.8 Processed in 0.201 second(s), page refreshed 144778847 times.
《全国人大常委会关于维护互联网安全的决定》《计算机信息网络国际联网安全保护管理办法》
苏ICP备05006046号